What are indirect impacts of climate change in water reclamation?
Climate change risk to the water reuse sector can be divided into two categories: direct and indirect effects.
The influence of climatic conditions on technical performance is defined as direct impacts, whilst indirect impacts are primarily concerned with indirect effects of management and operation.
Indirect impact of climate change involved in management of water reclamation:
1: Water use control
Water reduction programmes, such as the National Water Commission, were developed as part of the attempt to adapt to climate change. On one hand, it was beneficial to the conservation of natural resources. The volume of wastewater discharged to transmission networks, on the other hand, was reduced accordingly, but not the pollutant load. As a result, the wastewater's strength rose, hastening the corrosion of the conveyance system.
Furthermore, the increased viscosity necessitated more frequent sewage cleaning services. Crown corrosion, spring line corrosion, and invert corrosion all damaged the concrete in different ways. It was suggested that nitrate be used to prevent the formation of hydrogen sulphide, but this had the unintended consequence of increasing the demand for nitrogen removal in the following treatment system.
2: Green House Gas Emission
For a long time, the formation of GHGs in the treatment process was undervalued since CO2 production was assumed to be low due to its biogenic carbon origin in the wastewater stream. A wastewater reclamation plant can produce two sources of GHGs.
Offsite GHGs originate from energy demands, chemical manufacture, and transportation, while onsite GHGs come from wastewater and sludge treatment activities. The water industry is responsible for 56 percent of GHG emissions, according to wastewater treatment and reclamation. In several scenarios of energy recovery and nutrient removal, aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid treatment techniques are investigated.
The determination of GHG sources and sinks throughout the entire reclamation process is extremely difficult due to the many variables involved, including
(I) influent characteristics,
(II) treatment technology and equipment,
(III) operational and system control,
(IV) effluent standard, and
(V) reuse application and locations.
Wastewater reclamation, on the other hand, faces a significant challenge in balancing low GHG emissions with a high quality of treated water while maintaining economic efficiency. Despite the fact that industrialised countries prefer to raise the standard of organic compounds and nutrients in treated wastewater to assure environmental safety, on-site and off-site GHG emissions from the treatment process, as well as GHG emissions from energy input, are significantly greater.
In the near future, water reclamation plants must implement green technologies to reduce GHG emissions through treatment process selection, process optimization, and plant management. Green technologies include not only the treatment method, but also equipment advances, as well as energy and resource recovery.
3: Adaptation Measures
Climate change has necessitated considerable reactions from all countries in order to develop appropriate adaptation techniques to mitigate its harmful consequences. Adaptation methods include the installation and operation of new systems, upgrade to existing systems, and the construction of protective structures surrounding treatment and reuse sites.
The adaptation measures are divided into four groups based on influential criteria.
Green infrastructure solutions to limit run-off before it enters combined sewage systems, as well as rapid-response treatment technologies, are required due to the greater precipitation regime.
Similarly, green infrastructure can aid in the reduction of rising temperatures. Mechanical cooling could be employed as an alternative in this situation. Finally, the reuse of wastewater necessitates the installation of a new distribution systems.
Conclusion
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