Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill or harm pests. They consist of insecticides for controlling insects, herbicides for controlling weeds, fungicides for controlling fungi and mold, and rodenticides for controlling rodents. Insects like flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes, as well as rodents like mice or rats, can be considered household pests.
Herbicides and pesticides both include harmful substances that are hazardous to the environment and human health. Due to their extensive usage in modern agriculture, pesticide levels in water have increased dramatically. The type of pesticide and the effectiveness of the treatment process determine the best water treatment method for removing pesticides.
Working functions of ETP for pest control medicine:
The following depicts the working function an ETP used for pest control pollutant.
Chemical treatment:
Chemical wastewater treatment employs a number of chemical processes to convert pollutants into less harmful substances. Coagulation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which include ozonation and Fenton treatment, are the principal chemical techniques. Typically, chemical processes are combined with photo-catalysis and/or membrane technologies.
(a) Chlorination: By limiting bacterial development in wastewater, the chemical water treatment process of chlorination helps to regulate taste and odour. The benefit of chlorination is that it is inexpensive and simple to use. Pre-chlorination, though, has the potential to lead to the oxidation of micro-contaminants into intermediate byproducts that may be more harmful and less easily removed than the parent molecules.
(b) Advanced oxidation processes: Advanced oxidation procedures (AOPs) oxidise pollutants by using oxidising agents. The hydroxyl radical (•OH) is one of the most powerful oxidising radicals employed. The elimination of organic pollutants from water has also been extensively explored using the sulphate radical (SO4•-). AOPs are chemical processes that don't affect the environment and can convert organic pollutants into safe byproducts without transferring contaminants from one phase to another or creating a lot of sludge. Additionally, this method offers a number of benefits, including quick reaction times that result in shorter retention times than other traditional treatment methods and the need for less space to handle the system's required flow rate.
(c) Ozonation: The method of ozonation involves using ozone to remove impurities, either directly through the action of the ozone molecules on the contaminants or indirectly through the oxidation effect of the free radicals produced as a result of the ozone's breakdown in water. Produced free radicals are less selective than chemical oxidants and are more reactive. Since ozone has a very brief lifetime, it must be produced on-site, raising the treatment's cost.
Physical treatment:
(a) Filtration: In wastewater treatment facilities, membrane filtering techniques are frequently utilised. Filtration can be used at any point during the water treatment process, depending on the target contaminants and the types of membranes used. The membrane cut-off size determines the kind of filtration. Membranes for nanofiltration with pores between 102 and 10. For the eradication of bacteria, viruses, and big organic compounds, m are suitable.
(b) Adsorption: The mass transfer of substances between two phases, such as a liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-liquid, or gas-solid interface, is known as adsorption. With the aid of intermolecular interactions, adsorbents are utilised to absorb any specific pollutant (adsorbate) from wastewater. Physisorption and chemisorption are the two different ways that adsorbates interact with solid surfaces. If the contact has a weak physical nature, such as van der Waals forces, and the process outcomes are reversible, the process is referred to as physisorption. Additionally, it happens at temperatures below or very near the adsorbate's critical temperature. Chemisorption, as opposed to physisorption, involves a chemical bond between an adsorbate and a solid surface.
(c) Membrane technology: One of the potential solutions for effectively removing micropollutants from water is membrane technology. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are biological reactors for suspended growth combined with membrane-based filtration techniques like microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF). These days, MBRs are the most well-known and effective methods for separating reasonably clean water from wastewater using a mix of membrane and biological treatments.
Biological treatment:
Anaerobic and aerobic treatments are types of biological treatment. Dichlorinated pesticides are known to be metabolised by aerobic treatment among insecticides. In order to create chloro-catechol, the ether link must be oxidized, broken, and the chlorophenol must be hydroxylated. Once the aromatic ring is open, the chemical is easily broken down by typical bacterial metabolism into water and carbon dioxide.
(a) Advanced oxidation method: Effective breakdown of pest control medications can be accomplished using advanced oxidation techniques. In a nonselective oxidation process, extremely reactive oxidant species such the hydroxyl radical, ion superoxide, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxide radical can strongly react with a variety of organic molecules. Small inorganic molecules like CO2 and H2O could be created from the target substances quickly and effectively.
(b) Pressurized activated sludge: Pressurized activated sludge is a highly effective treatment method that requires a little amount of land, is less expensive than AOPs, and is more environmentally benign than chlorination. But for upkeep and operation, it needs a sludge disposal place and competent labour.
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